This success has now created a new conservation frontier — the growing proportion of tigers living outside protected areas. According to the National Tiger Conservation Authority, 35-40% of India’s tiger population now lives outside designated Tiger Reserves. This reality has prompted the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change to launch the Tigers Outside Tiger Reserves (TOTR) initiative. The objective of the TOTR is to establish a scientifically grounded, landscape-based framework for conserving tigers outside protected areas while safeguarding human lives and livelihoods. Conservation outside protected areas cannot succeed without the trust and participation of local communities.