The study analysed 670 NHS contracts and found that 407, worth £5.5 billion, have strong potential for bio-based alternatives. Since April 2022, all NHS procurements must include a minimum 10 per cent net zero and social value weighting. Critical supply chain vulnerabilities were exposed during COVID-19, when £4 billion of NHS contracts were awarded for single-use protective equipment. The research also recommends establishing a Bio-Based NHS Procurement Consortium to convene major NHS buyers and provide suppliers with demand signals, through the creation of shared mandates for identifying and scaling bio-based products. The fourth recommendation involves expanding bio-based procurement frameworks to integrate sustainable alternatives into national frameworks for food service packaging and office supplies across government departments.