The document, presented on September 23, 2025, to the United Nations Human Rights Council, reveals that “transnational surveillance” is organized through “a multi-layered intelligence architecture” involving the Army, Police, foreign service, and non-state agents. Physical and digital surveillanceThe Group of Experts emphasizes that targets are identified by monitoring their social media, public activities, or association with opposition groups. “Once profiled, they are subject to physical surveillance by undercover officials or informants, and digital surveillance through account hacking, spyware, and communication interception,” the report notes. Samcam left Nicaragua after the repression of the 2018 protests, but—from his exile in Costa Rica—he continued denouncing human rights violations in Nicaragua. “These are serious violations of international human rights law which, in some cases, prima facie constitute crimes against humanity,” the document indicates.