Among its Central Asian neighbors, Kazakhstan has distinguished itself with a steady stream of green pledges on renewable energy. Yet this robust framework for a green transition belies a stark reality. Fossil fuels still dominate Kazakhstan’s energy mix, supplying around 85 percent of electricity, with coal alone providing more than half. Nazarbayev saw attracting foreign investment in Kazakhstan’s energy sector as the most viable way to mitigate an impending economic collapse. Samruk Green Energy, a subsidiary of fossil fuel heavy Samruk Energy was formed in 2012 for the purpose of managing the funds renewable portfolio.