On September 17, Saudi Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman and Pakistani Prime Minister Shehbaz Sharif signed the Strategic Mutual Defense Agreement (SMDA) during the latter’s visit to Riyadh. “Any aggression against either country shall be considered an act of aggression against both,” the landmark agreement states. Despite Islamabad’s ambitious expectations, it is highly unlikely that Saudi Arabia would involve itself militarily in the event of an India-Pakistan conflict. Second, the history of Saudi engagement with India and Pakistan provides pointers to how Riyadh will likely behave in the future. With the Gulf countries increasingly uniting around a more hardline stance toward Israel, New Delhi may have to recalibrate its position.