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100 Years of Quantum Physics: Pauli’s Exclusion Principle (1924)
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Galileo Unbound
He was led to this crucial insight, not by his superior understanding of quantum physics, which he was grappling with as much as Bohr and Born and Sommerfeld were at that time, but through his superior understanding of relativistic physics that convinced him that the magnetism of atoms in magnetic fields could not be explained through the orbital motion of electrons alone. From Bohr’s theory of the hydrogen atom, it was clear that there were different energy levels associated with the principal quantum number n, and that this was related directly to angular momentum through the motion of the electrons in the Bohr orbitals.