Seven were conducted in South Africa, three in Kenya, and one each in Sudan, Tanzania, and Egypt. In some of the studies, change in mortality, 30-day readmission, and surgical-site infection rate were also assessed. The retrospective, single-center study looked at a cohort of injection drug users admitted to an academic medical center with an invasive bacterial or fungal infection. The study compared three different treatment strategies in 293 injection drug users who had severe invasive infections: a full course of inpatient IV antibiotics, a partial course of IV antibiotics without oral antibiotics on AMA discharge, and a partial course of IV antibiotics with oral antibiotics on AMA discharge. The authors say the study supports the concept of multifaceted, holistic management of injection drug users with invasive infections who cannot complete prolonged IV therapy.