Composition of a cardboard-confined rammed earth cylinder (a) dry soils with equal size portions, (b) cardboard tube, and (c) water. The ‘cardboard-confined rammed earth’ (CCRE) material could be used as an alternative to concrete for low rise structures which uses locally sourced materials that are easier to recycle. Cement use is excessive given the natural thickness of rammed earth walls,” he says. “By simply using cardboard, soil and water, we can make walls robust enough to support low-rise buildings,” Ma says. Ma says that cardboard-confined rammed earth could be an effective solution for construction in remote areas such as regional Australia, where red soils – ideal for rammed earth construction – are plentiful.