2008-2010 : Subsequent amendments aimed at enhancing disclosure standards and cracking down on shell companies still failed to address persistent issues with unsolicited quotes, allowing market makers to exploit loopholes. : Subsequent amendments aimed at enhancing disclosure standards and cracking down on shell companies still failed to address persistent issues with unsolicited quotes, allowing market makers to exploit loopholes. Palikaras identifies five potential avenues through which broker-dealers exploit these regulatory gaps, showcasing the systemic vulnerabilities in the OTC market: