It brought together Indigenous leaders, researchers, and advocates, including Uruba Pataxó, Dr. Marcia F. de Camargo from the Indigenous Pataxó School of Barra Velha and Uppsala University, and Dr. Paulo Lugon, international advisor at Conselho Indigenista Missionário (CIMI). The Lei do Marco Temporal, which restricts Indigenous land rights to territories occupied in 1988, remains a major obstacle. CIMI’s 2024 report highlights increasing violence against Indigenous leaders, showing how the failure to secure land rights fuels both social conflict and environmental destruction. Science with and for Indigenous peoplesDiscussions at the seminar emphasised that Indigenous land rights are not only about justice, but also about sustaining the ecosystems on which we all depend. As Uruba Pataxó reflected: “The Pataxó people have been resisting since the arrival of colonisers.