How did the liberal international order crumble? Like Hemingway’s famous description of bankruptcy: gradually, then suddenly. All of these disruptions took place against a backdrop of growing political polarization and paralysis, driving ideological momentum and power to the extremes, mainly on the right. As the West squandered its deep reserves of political, economic and military might—and with them much of its legitimacy—the so-called Rest continued their steadfast and determined rise. In this new world order, trade, not aid, drove economic development, based on liberalized tariff regimes and tightly interwoven supply chains that used raw materials sourced mainly in the Americas and Africa, and lower-wage labor located mainly in Asia, to provide mainly Western service economies with cheap consumer goods.