European policies have supported openness and collaboration through initiatives promoting open access to scientific publications, open data, and open-source software. Any serious approach to digital commons as public infrastructure must address supply and demand—investing in open technologies while creating markets for them through public-sector adoption and procurement preference. China’s investment in its open-source ecosystem at large, and more specifically into open AI research and open chip designs, seems to have paid off because China has retained control by strategically protecting certain technologies and companies—developing domestic alternatives to services like GitHub, for example, to keep core software development infrastructure under national oversight.