Using state power to burden lawful speech online is unconstitutional, courts have said, even under laws that attempt to avoid direct speech regulation by only requiring platforms to “mitigate” speech-based harms. The same First Amendment standards that prevent state lawmakers from imposing new rules for lawful online speech also pose problems for a common federal approach: stripping platforms’ immunity for disfavored speech. It has upheld laws requiring suppression of lawful speech, and also laws requiring carriage of speech, including election-related material.