Share of households that ever-owned or ever-abandoned latrines since 2005 Child nutritional health outcomes height-for-age, weight-for-age, and upper-arm circumference Self-reported latrine functionality and quality Self-reported use of latrines and open defecation Subjective perceptions of these practices and intention to reinvest in toilets By 2010, five years after the campaign began, half of the households in treatment villages had adopted latrines, compared with only a quarter in control villages. Open defecation initially fell by 26 percent in treatment villages compared to control villages, but the difference had fallen to 7 percent by 2010 and it had disappeared by 2016.