The least effective response, particularly to misinformation, would be resurrecting the junked Fairness Doctrine, according to Phil Napoli, a professor of public policy at Duke University. In practice, the doctrine was weaponized, used by entities like tobacco companies and President Richard Nixon to counter negative coverage and intimidate certain news outlets, Napoli’s paper explains. Multiple responses are needed, to improve civic education, sustain reporting jobs, restore competition in digital advertising and prevent unfair business practices by dominant platforms.