The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), which took effect in 1994, enabled a great deal of agricultural trade between Canada and the US, with a few notable exceptions. Among them: Canada maintained steep tariffs on dairy products, considering trade protection essential to its national dairy supply management program. In January 2022, a USMCA dispute panel ruled that Canada had improperly restricted access to its market for US dairy products. In November 2023, a dispute panel sided with Canada, allowing it to continue to restrict the dairy access the US sought. While the USMCA renegotiated agreement is an improvement, there are still barriers to trade, Wolf said, even when TRQs are not binding.