Production process risks and defect categorisationKiwa PI Berlin’s factory audit data reveals four critical categories of cell manufacturing risks:Process control deficiencies (41%) . Power loss varied from 0.3% to 3.3% in modules of the same power class, depending on the cell supplier. Power loss varied from 0.3% to 3.3% in modules of the same power class, depending on the cell supplier. Regulatory compliance, technical reliability, and financial viability all converge at the cell level. As the solar industry accelerates toward advanced cell technologies and broader global manufacturing, proactive diligence at the cell level will define success in the race to quality and compliance.