Strikingly, most of these health professionals were trained outside Europe: 60% of doctors and 72% of nurses arriving in 2023 were trained outside the Region. Some countries, particularly in eastern and southern Europe, are losing large numbers of doctors and nurses to neighbouring countries, exacerbating existing shortages and undermining workforce sustainability. In Ireland, for example, more than half of all nurses and 43% of doctors are foreign-trained. These measures are crucial for ensuring a sustainable health workforce in both the countries where workers are trained (sending countries) and those where they eventually work (receiving countries). The report draws on the Joint Questionnaire on Non-Monetary Health Statistics of WHO/Europe, Eurostat and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, as well as National Health Workforce Accounts.