I don't understand is why there is this apparent necessity in the human mind that there ever needed to be a beginning or an end to the universe; is the entire body of human kind's accumulated scientific knowledge, really based upon observations of its own manifestation? We; for some childish reason can't accept that the universe was always here, and always will be? We see an expansion; but was it really the beginning of everything, or did something really big, blow up in our neighborhood many long years ago? So, for the strange observation that some galaxies appear to have existed prior to the "Big Bang", shouldn't come as a surprise to anyone; those, apparently, were the galaxies that were far enough away from the blast site, that they survived the blast wave, what all that might have consisted of. As concerns black holes, we know that in the absence of countering forces, there's an upper limit to how much mass can accumulate at a particular volume before it collapses into a black hole; but, is the opposite of that, also, possibly be true? Is there an upper limit to black hole mass before it becomes unstable and explodes? I'm not all that into math, but it seems that, like everything else in this universe, that there should be an upper limit. So, what would be the multiplicative inverse of planks constant if expressed as either mass and or energy? Since, supposedly, planks constant describes the smallest possible event in the universe, the the multiplicative inverse should describe the largest possible event; would that describe what happens when a black hole goes beyond that value? And; since, effectively, gravity is the equivalent of space-time distortion; couldn't we figure out when a black hole would become unstable as a sort of a four dimensional geometric mathematical problem that our computers should be able to solve without too much difficulty? Not that it really matters all that much one way or the other, because it looks like our political leaders are hell bent on killing us all, because of some sort mental illness, genetically caused, or otherwise; the species is really sad sack; that the majority of the Earth's population has no control over the destiny of their species, because, of the psychopathic behaviors of a very small number of its members; apparently, either no interest in stopping its inevitable extinction, or no ability to stop it. Science is nice, but if you all stand by and watch things like the genocide in the Ukraine go down, that the Western psychopathic leaders call a war; you're all doomed to extinction, and probably very soon at that. I love science, but, as a species, humans are some really dumb animals.