Despite the high demand, only around 6.8 percent of the energy required for cell production is currently supplied in Europe. A team led by Prof Simon Lux (University of Münster and Fraunhofer Research Institution for Battery Cell Production) has now analysed the future energy requirements associated with the European Union’s (EU) goal of strengthening European battery supply chains. Nevertheless, the increasing energy demand for lithium- and sodium-ion batteries would be offset by 90 TWh of upstream fossil fuel energy. It will also be crucial for Europe to maximise battery recycling rates and recycling efficiency to reduce import dependency and future energy demand. This could reduce the energy required for battery production in Europe by 33 to 46 percent.