While the relevance of race or other identity-based barriers to economic productivity varies across contexts, gender is a universal issue. Simply by ensuring that women can fully use their skills and talents, policymakers in countries at all levels of economic development can unlock substantial economic gains. A growing body of economic research has shown that even in advanced economies such as the United States, reducing talent misallocation can have meaningful economic effects. Despite rapid economic growth, India experienced little change in distortions between 1990-2022. Skeptics might argue that the economic gains from reducing talent misallocation are modest compared with those from productivity improvements.