The study, published in The Journal of Immunology, highlights the need to look beyond antibody levels when evaluating flu vaccines. “By understanding how vaccines activate cellular immunity, scientists can design flu vaccines that offer enhanced protection, particularly for the elderly.”The findings may guide the creation of more effective flu vaccines suited to different age groups. Updated flu and COVID-19 vaccines are available, but federal guidance on who should get the COVID-19 shot has changed. During the 2023-24 flu season, vaccination prevented an estimated 9.8 million illnesses and 7,900 deaths, according to federal data. Flu, RSV and COVID-19 vaccines can be given at the same appointment, saving time and improving convenience.