Southeast Asian governments are likely to choose silence rather than formal attribution. ASPI research shows that Southeast Asian companies and universities are increasingly in the crosshairs of state-backed espionage, including for economic gain. UNC6384’s latest operation began in March and focused on diplomats across several Southeast Asian states. Most Southeast Asian states practice economic and diplomatic pragmatism and choose not to publicly raise sensitive issues. State-sponsored cyber campaigns can no longer be dismissed as a nuisance or an accepted feat of international affairs: they’re too central to national security.