However, the exact relationship between military spending and military carbon emissions is highly complex and not easy to predict. EmissionsExtra carbon emissions in the supply-chain could occur outside the home nation, making them harder to track. But the latest assessment by leading climate scientists is bleak. It is extremely difficult to see how the current and planned military spending increases can be reconciled with the transformative action necessary to prevent dangerous climate change. He holds a PhD in climate change science, has been an expert reviewer for the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, and has written several influential reports on military carbon emissions.