If treatment is ceased, the oppositional processes have no further resistance, which results in new withdrawal symptoms, rebound symptoms, and treatment resistance, among other effects. Iatrogenic comorbidity, meanwhile, refers to modifications in the course, characteristics, and response to treatment as it relates to previous therapy, and may explain resistance to a drug that was previously effective, the persistence of side effects, or the emergence of new symptoms. Finally, as Richardson and Doster suggest, the authors invite consideration of baseline risk of the index disorder without treatment, treatment responsiveness, and vulnerability to adverse treatment effects when making an evidence-based medical decision.