It rarely financed national networks directly; instead, it supported the less visible work around them - regulatory reform, training, pilot schemes, investment mobilisation and programmes aimed at people commercial networks struggle to reach. She argues for greater investment in digital skills - what she calls digital citizenship - as well as more innovative subsidy and financing programmes for devices and services. Rynecki argues that USAID’s digital work was intended, at least in part, to support open and competitive internet ecosystems.