A campaign committee will send a solicitation, a supporter clicks a donation link, and the gift is processed by WinRed or ActBlue, the two primary online processors. A new working paper by Cameron Ellis of the University of Iowa and Lars Powell of the University of Alabama, “Real Impacts of Political Spam Filtering,” describes the impact of that concentration. When Gmail, Outlook, and Yahoo routed WinRed-linked messages to spam for 78 days in 2025, first-time Republican donations through the platform fell nearly 75%, with no matching drop for ActBlue. A separate Outlook episode cut Republican inbox placement from about 88% to 16% and produced an 83% first-time donor decline. In a system where private infrastructure decides which political appeals reach the public, faith is not a governance model.