A provocative reassessment of the PROTEUS study is challenging what it means to call a cancer trial “positive” when most patients do not achieve a complete disappearance of detectable disease. PROTEUS has attracted attention because it evaluates an intensified treatment strategy designed to improve outcomes before definitive local treatment. Subject of Research: Prostate cancer treatment outcomes and the interpretation of success in the PROTEUS trialArticle Title: How positive was PROTEUS? Reconsidering success when most patients never reach no evidence of disease. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41571-026-01193-4Image Credits: AI GeneratedDOI: 10.1038/s41571-026-01193-4Keywords: PROTEUS trial, prostate cancer, no evidence of disease, pathological response, cancer clinical trials, surrogate endpoints, oncology, treatment outcomes, metastasis-free survival