The NPPA is the government authority responsible for fixing ceiling prices for essential medicines and monitoring medicine prices in the country. These included matters referred to district collectors for recovery and cases in which pharmaceutical companies had challenged demand notices. The committee noted that NPPA currently relies on lawyers engaged on a contractual basis to contest overcharging cases. The committee also noted that pharmaceutical companies had challenged demand notices in 436 cases involving ₹2,358.20 crore. The Print reports that pharmaceutical companies had ₹8,526.10 crore in unpaid overcharging demands against a total demand of ₹10,013.30 crore as of September 30, 2025.