On Friday, Saudi Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman, Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, and Pakistani Prime Minister Shehbaz Sharif signed the Mecca Joint Defense Agreement, committing each state to treating an armed attack on one as an attack on all. Two days later, Iranian-backed Houthi forces struck an Aramco refinery in southwest Saudi Arabia with a drone, the latest in a long run of strikes on the kingdom.