If it all goes wrong, his recourse runs through a legal system operating in a language he does not read. The same shape recurs anywhere purchases are high-ticket, cross-border, non-repeating and irreversible: fertility treatment, international tuition, bariatric surgery, custom manufacturing. In each case the money moves before the value does, and the buyer will never buy again, so reputation does almost no policing work. Turkish clinics fixed their pricing problem years ago. The payments problem is still open, and it is worth considerably more than the teeth.