You still know the password to your Google account, but Google wants the second factor now, and that lived on the phone you no longer have. It is “also used to reset your Apple Account password and to recover your end-to-end encrypted data if you lose access to your account”. You get exactly one 25-digit recovery code, and you cannot go back for it later: “You cannot retrieve or download an existing Microsoft account recovery code.” By the time you need it, the door is shut: “You can’t add a recovery contact while you’re locked out of your account or in the account recovery process.” No warning, no message: “If your Apple Account is in use during your request, your account recovery will be cancelled automatically.”