Food systems around the world are facing increasingly complex challenges as climate-related events and disruptions to agricultural inputs affect food production, prices and nutrition. From droughts and floods to rising pressure on fertilizer and fuel supplies, overlapping shocks are forcing farmers and policymakers to rethink how food systems can become more resilient. Reducing food loss after harvest can provide another route to strengthening food security. At the national level, food systems transformation pathways can help governments coordinate policies across agriculture, health, education, climate and nutrition. As climate and economic pressures continue to affect food production, strengthening farmer-led innovation could become an increasingly important part of building resilient food systems.