One underexamined answer is a different model for U.S. special operations forces advising. Washington’s later intelligence, materiel, and operational support could have benefited from the forward eyes and coordinating hands of special operations forces advisors. In the 2000s, special operations training with new NATO partners such as Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia, Poland, Slovakia, and Romania produced, over time, a multinational special operations capability. It respects the lessons on effective advising outcomes and capitalizes on the unique attributes of U.S. special operations forces. Brian consults on and teaches special operations, irregular warfare, and resistance for the Joint Special Operations University and the Irregular Warfare Center.