Two days after Saudi Arabia, Turkey, and Pakistan signed a collective-defense agreement in Mecca, the Houthis claimed an attack on Saudi Aramco’s Jazan refinery. Signed Aug. 7, the Mecca Joint Defence Agreement treats an armed attack against one signatory as an attack against all. Saudi Arabia still relies heavily on US weapons, intelligence, logistics, and missile defense. Nothing publicly available establishes a Pakistani nuclear guarantee for Saudi Arabia, though uncertainty alone may carry deterrent value. Saudi efforts to create security could make Tehran feel encircled, encouraging it to strengthen its own partnerships.