But this is not science fiction, and there is historical precedent for semi-autonomous nuclear launch systems. However, it is also plausible that automated nuclear systems could instead be used to pursue de facto offensive and revisionist objectives via compellence or deterrence. For example, although U.K. parliamentarians were more willing to back down when Russia made automated nuclear threats, they did not, on average, find automated threats more believable than non-automated ones. NATO countries should be engaging in wargaming at the strategic and operational levels to develop a playbook for how to respond to automated nuclear threats. Putting Armageddon on autopilot would entail large and unique risks compared to other AI-powered weapons systems.