Egypt has spent heavily expanding industrial capacity. The third shift has to payFor capital-intensive manufacturers, longer operating hours can raise capacity utilisation, spreading depreciation, financing and other fixed costs across more units of output. Reaching that goal will require not only additional production capacity but more productive use of what is already installed. The International Labour Organization’s work with Egyptian leather and marble businesses reinforces the link between productivity, factory organisation and working conditions. Egypt has spent heavily expanding industrial zones, ports, transport links, electricity generation and manufacturing capacity.