The signing of a trilateral defense and security agreement in Mecca marks a potentially important moment in the evolution of the Middle East and South Asian security order. Turkey, Saudi Arabia and Pakistan are three very different powers with distinct foreign-policy priorities. Saudi Arabia’s expanding defense cooperation with Turkey and Pakistan should therefore not automatically be interpreted as an anti-American move. Turkey, Saudi Arabia and Pakistan have different foreign policies, different strategic priorities and different relationships with major global powers. Counterterrorism, maritime security, military technology, intelligence, training, defense production and protection of strategic trade routes are obvious areas of convergence.