Preclinical research also suggests that creatine could affect processes relevant to brain health, including oxidative stress, neurotransmission, and cellular resilience. Brain creatine is commonly assessed with magnetic resonance spectroscopy, or MRS, a noninvasive imaging technique. Some studies have reported increases in brain creatine after supplementation, but the size of the increase varies considerably. It is not known whether higher doses, longer use, or both are necessary to consistently alter brain creatine levels or cognitive outcomes. It is not known whether higher doses, longer use, or both are necessary to consistently alter brain creatine levels or cognitive outcomes.