From assembly to industrial depthTurkey’s industrial foundations date to state-led development in the 1930s, when Ankara established capacity across textiles, steel, chemicals and other basic industries. Turkey progressed from importing machinery and technology to assembling products; from assembly towards domestic components; and from components towards supplier ecosystems, engineering and export manufacturing. It is now attempting a more technologically demanding stage: developing greater control over the technologies that determine industrial value. The more important measure is how much domestic value, engineering and technological capability sits inside them. Assembly creates factories; supplier networks create industrial depth; engineering creates competitiveness; and technological capability determines how much value remains at home.