The benefits were particularly notable in non-small cell lung cancer, gastric cancer, renal cell carcinoma, small cell lung cancer, and biliary tract cancer. These comprised one randomized clinical trial in non-small cell lung cancer, one prospective cohort study in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, and 27 retrospective cohort studies across multiple cancer types, including melanoma, gastric cancer, renal cell carcinoma, esophageal cancer, urothelial carcinoma, hepatocellular carcinoma, biliary tract cancer, and small cell lung cancer. Improved overall survival and progression-free survival with earlier immunotherapy timing were observed in patients with non-small cell lung cancer. Patients with biliary tract cancer also showed improved survival outcomes with earlier immunotherapy administration. Time-of-Day Immunotherapy Administration and Outcomes in Advanced Cancers: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.