Saudi Arabia, the strongest Gulf state, is home to Islam's holiest sites and one of the world's top oil exporters, while Pakistan is the only nuclear-armed Muslim country. Israel has waged war in Gaza, invaded southern Lebanon and seized territory in Syria as well as launching two air campaigns against Iran. Tehran has attacked US bases and civilian infrastructure in Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Bahrain, Qatar, the United Arab Emirates, Oman, Jordan and Israel. While Turkey and Pakistan, on the borders ​of ​the Middle East, have avoided significant direct attacks, both are anxious to calm conflicts that threaten their ​own security and economic health. For Saudi Arabia, the consequences of three years of Middle East conflicts have been more ‌severe - imperilling its oil exports and ambitious development plans and drawing big questions over the reliability of its longstanding US security umbrella.