The majority held that such children remain “subject to the jurisdiction” of the United States. Conservative Justices Clarence Thomas, Samuel Alito and Neil Gorsuch dissented, arguing in varying degrees that the amendment’s historical meaning did not necessarily extend automatic citizenship to children of temporary foreign visitors. Thomas pointed to statements from lawmakers involved in drafting the 14th Amendment who distinguished between complete allegiance to the United States and temporary presence within the country. Immigration and Customs Enforcement launched a nationwide Birth Tourism Initiative earlier this year targeting visa fraud, financial crimes and organized networks that exploit lawful immigration channels. Giving birth in the United States is not itself illegal, but federal regulations prohibit obtaining a temporary visitor visa primarily to secure American citizenship for a newborn.