Bladder pressure and EUS-EMG data were recorded through a multi-channel physiological recording device (RM6240; Chengdu Instrument Factory, China) sampled at 8 kHz. Recording or stimulation was performed once regular bladder pressure cycles associated with natural urination events were established. For cross-correlation analysis, cystometric data, EMG data, and photometry data were first downsampled to 40 Hz and standardized using z-scored. The spectrogram was generated using envelope EMG data around photostimulation in MATLAB, as shown in Figures 3 and 4, Figure 4—figure supplement 1. The onset time of bladder pressure upstroke was identified by finding the maximum of the second derivative of cystometry curves around pressure peaks using a MATLAB script.