A pure military MVNO typically operates over shared commercial spectrum bands leased from MNOs. Without dedicated physical spectrum, the military MVNO relies entirely on standard 3GPP Quality of Service (QoS) Class Identifiers (QCI) and priority protocols to maintain throughput during network congestion. Its core network is hosted in the Ministry of the Interior’s own hardened data centres and operated 24/7 by ACMOSS, the dedicated state agency stood up specifically to run it. Belgium’s ASTRID has been running its own S-MVNO, Blue Light Mobile (BLM), since 2014, making it one of the earliest operational examples of this architecture. BLM provides priority and pre-emption access across commercial Belgian networks, with VPN tunnelling for secure connectivity, serving police, fire, and emergency medical services.