Teacher EffectivenessThe conceptualisation and measurement of teacher quality have subsequently shifted towards teacher effectiveness, focusing on the knowledge, skills, and practices that directly influence student learning. Value-added ModelsStudent achievement measures have also become an important component of teacher quality assessment and teacher evaluation systems. Research has also examined students’ evaluations of teacher quality, particularly with respect to instructional quality, student engagement, communication, and overall classroom effectiveness. Overall, teacher quality is a multidimensional construct that cannot be adequately captured by focusing on any single dimension. Contemporary teacher quality assessment frameworks increasingly acknowledge this complexity and, therefore, employ multiple dimensions—including teacher knowledge, instructional practices, student outcomes, assessment literacy, self-efficacy, professional development, digital competence, and leadership—to evaluate teacher effectiveness comprehensively.