AdvertisementBoth Islamic political systems, as developed in classical jurisprudence, and Marxist-Leninist communism organize the world into a permanent binary division. AdvertisementBoth systems reject a world of permanently equal, mutually recognizing sovereigns under neutral international law. AdvertisementThe external domain is not recognized as a permanent equal. The external domain remained the field of unfinished historical work. The juristic framework went on classifying the external world hierarchically and treating agreements with non-Muslim powers as limited in duration, never as recognition of a permanent equal.