These events, alongside the tragedies of Chernobyl in 1986 and Fukushima in 2011, have shaped a rigorous scientific discipline dedicated to measuring and managing invisible risks. In the aftermath of Fukushima, researchers utilized handheld Geiger counters, fixed monitoring stations, and lab-grade instruments to visualize contamination patterns. In other scenarios, barriers of clean soil, clay, or concrete are used to shield the public from radiation and prevent wind from scattering particles. Following the Fukushima disaster, radionuclides entered the Pacific through direct runoff and atmospheric fallout. Historical investigations into Chernobyl and Fukushima revealed that communication with the public was frequently delayed, incomplete, or inconsistent, which directly fueled social anxiety and mistrust.