The Shadow of the JCPOA Unilateral WithdrawalThe most immediate foundation for Tehran’s skepticism stems from recent diplomatic history. For Iranian negotiators, this historic reversal demonstrated that executive agreements with Washington carry little structural durability across political administrations. The 2003 Iraq Precedent: Disarmament Without SecurityThe 2003 invasion of Iraq further reinforced Iran’s strategic calculus. While disarmed leaders faced foreign military campaigns, Pyongyang’s nuclear arsenal has effectively functioned as an absolute insurance policy against invasion. Strategic Implication: The Negotiation StalemateConsequently, Iranian negotiators maintain that any future agreement cannot rely on verbal promises or temporary executive orders from Washington.