According to Guntuku, an MDR of 0.3-0.6% on UPI transactions “broadly corresponds with the estimated ecosystem cost”. This is important: only 4% of person-to-merchant (P2M) UPI payments in 2025-26 were greater than Rs 2,000. In 2025-26, more than 24,000 crore UPI transactions worth Rs 314 lakh crore were made. As such, an overwhelming majority of UPI payments will continue to be free. Would a fee on large UPI payments change how people make payments?